Power in Construction of Law Essay -- Politics Political Science

How does power contribute to the construction of law, both on the books and in action? Power, the ability to influence others and the course of events, affects laws and shapes cultural beliefs in society. In our society, power is said to be equally distributed throughout the people, and there is a democratic belief that collective action is able to create change. However, collective power is heavily influenced by the wealthy. Those with power have the resources to influence the creation and termination of law, both on the books and in action. Power, ultimately controlled by the wealthy and elite, shapes the construction of laws to benefit them and their values, in order to maintain the dichotomy between themselves and the less powerful. While some of the more obvious, tangible foundations of power include money, capital and property, Galanter discusses additional aspects of power in its definition and its benefits. Galanter explains the differences between the â€Å"haves†, or the repeat players, and the â€Å"have-nots†, or the one-shotters. In this analogy, the former is equivalent to the powerful, and the latter to the powerless. The repeat players, according to Galanter, have the advantage because they know the rules, have previous experience, have both legal and financial resources, and have much less to lose than the one-shotters. All of these assets together demonstrate the â€Å"superior opportunities† (Galanter 82) of the powerful repeat players over the powerless. Galanter explains, â€Å"To the extent that rules are evenhanded or favor the ‘have-nots’, the limited resources for their implementation will be allocated, I have argued, so as to give greater effect to those rules which protect and promote the tangible inte... ...John J. Bonsignore, Ethan Katsh, D'errico Peter, Ronald M. Pipkin, Stephen Arons, and Janet Rifkin. Ed. Katherine Meisenheimer. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006. 81-89. Hilbink, Thomas. â€Å"Who makes the law? The people? Which people?† Legal Studies 250: Introduction to Legal Studies. Herter Hall, Amherst. 6 Feb. 2007. Hilbink, Thomas. â€Å"Who makes the law? To what extent is law shaped by those in power?† Legal Studies 250: Introduction to Legal Studies. Herter Hall, Amherst. 8 Feb. 2007. MacKinnon, Catherine. â€Å"A Rally against Rape.† Introduction to Legal Studies. Ed. Thomas Hilbink. 2007. 81-84. "Proposition 215: the Compassionate Use Act of 1996." Before the Law. Comp. John J. Bonsignore, Ethan Katsh, D'errico Peter, Ronald M. Pipkin, Stephen Arons, and Janet Rifkin. Ed. Katherine Meisenheimer. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006. 172-173. Power in Construction of Law Essay -- Politics Political Science How does power contribute to the construction of law, both on the books and in action? Power, the ability to influence others and the course of events, affects laws and shapes cultural beliefs in society. In our society, power is said to be equally distributed throughout the people, and there is a democratic belief that collective action is able to create change. However, collective power is heavily influenced by the wealthy. Those with power have the resources to influence the creation and termination of law, both on the books and in action. Power, ultimately controlled by the wealthy and elite, shapes the construction of laws to benefit them and their values, in order to maintain the dichotomy between themselves and the less powerful. While some of the more obvious, tangible foundations of power include money, capital and property, Galanter discusses additional aspects of power in its definition and its benefits. Galanter explains the differences between the â€Å"haves†, or the repeat players, and the â€Å"have-nots†, or the one-shotters. In this analogy, the former is equivalent to the powerful, and the latter to the powerless. The repeat players, according to Galanter, have the advantage because they know the rules, have previous experience, have both legal and financial resources, and have much less to lose than the one-shotters. All of these assets together demonstrate the â€Å"superior opportunities† (Galanter 82) of the powerful repeat players over the powerless. Galanter explains, â€Å"To the extent that rules are evenhanded or favor the ‘have-nots’, the limited resources for their implementation will be allocated, I have argued, so as to give greater effect to those rules which protect and promote the tangible inte... ...John J. Bonsignore, Ethan Katsh, D'errico Peter, Ronald M. Pipkin, Stephen Arons, and Janet Rifkin. Ed. Katherine Meisenheimer. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006. 81-89. Hilbink, Thomas. â€Å"Who makes the law? The people? Which people?† Legal Studies 250: Introduction to Legal Studies. Herter Hall, Amherst. 6 Feb. 2007. Hilbink, Thomas. â€Å"Who makes the law? To what extent is law shaped by those in power?† Legal Studies 250: Introduction to Legal Studies. Herter Hall, Amherst. 8 Feb. 2007. MacKinnon, Catherine. â€Å"A Rally against Rape.† Introduction to Legal Studies. Ed. Thomas Hilbink. 2007. 81-84. "Proposition 215: the Compassionate Use Act of 1996." Before the Law. Comp. John J. Bonsignore, Ethan Katsh, D'errico Peter, Ronald M. Pipkin, Stephen Arons, and Janet Rifkin. Ed. Katherine Meisenheimer. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006. 172-173.

Jazz: Still Got the Blues? :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The interaction between Blues and Jazz can be discerned when the origins of both music are scrutinized. The development of one is hidden in the roots of one another and both use similar sound patterns for instance. In this paper the readers will be presented a brief history of Blues & Jazz within the similarities of the two.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If we trace back to the history of Blues music, the impact of African-American tradition is seen quite apparently. Blues music evolved from the songs sung by West African griots, the southern Black American songs of sadness and despair, and more hopeful Christian spirituals. It originated in the rural Mississippi Delta region at the beginning of 20th century. Similarly, Jazz music emerged as a blend of African-American rituals; the features carried from West African Black folk music developed in the Americas, joined with European music of the late 18th and 19th centuries and turned out to be the minor voicing characteristics of the Blues. Jazz emerged in New Orleans and was characterized by strong but flexible rhythms. Blues had its most brilliant years in America by the end of WWI. The American troops brought the Blues home with them, which they learned from the Southern Whites who had been exposed to the blues. After WWII, Blues had a different experience by the well-known Blues musicians as B.B. King and Buddy Guy by â€Å"amplifying guitar† and â€Å"emphasized drums†; thus created intensified sounds in Blues, the collection of which later called to be the â€Å"Electric Blues†.(Herman) This kind of Blues had a great deal of resemblance to Jazz music due to the increased drum beats. Unlike Blues, Jazz music, experienced hard times during 1970’s. While Blues rose owing to the contributions of Elvis Pressley and Bill Halley who transformed rhythm & Blues into Rock’n Roll, Jazz stayed so far away from this frenzy and faced several troubles, which gave way to the foundation of the new Fusion School of Jazz. Today, Blues has developed into a major force in contemporary music through the rock-edge style of Robert Cray, as well as roots-oriented jazz by musicians associated with Wynton Marsalis, the zydeco sound, and some rap groups. Likewise jazz music has had its impact on modern music and it maintains its role as a universal music over its interaction with different music. This interaction has formed several genres like Ragtime, Soul Jazz, Fusion, Acid Jazz, Groove, Smooth Jazz, and Post Bop.

African Psychology :: essays research papers

Black Consciousness has been defined as an attitude of the mind and a way of life. Therefore, the purpose of teaching Black Consciousness was to conquer feelings of black inferiority and replace it with a new solid social identity which encouraged black pride and independence from white oppression. Africans should reject the myths from which Apartheid was conceived, where blacks were depicted as inferior, savage, simple and having a primitive culture which needed to be modernized. Rather blacks should believe in their true identity of being survivors with the utmost human dignity. Black people needed to become aware of their collective power both economically and politically. People of African descent must create their own value system, where they were self-defined not defined by white superiors. Therefore Black Consciousness’ main belief was, that racial domination had become internalized, thus causing low self-esteem, which in turn allowed room for political disunity and encouraged a dependence on white leadership. The philosophy of Black Consciousness was to break this set of attitudes and form a new belief in black self-reliance and dignity. It was only when this was achieved could black the man truly be liberated both physically and mentally. The Black Consciousness philosophy was an agenda for ideological realignment and political revitalization, which could rebuild and recondition the mind of the oppressed. This ideology brought a new sophistication and insight into the analysis of African psychology. An important psychological shift advocated by the Black Conscious Movement was the redefinition of blackness. No longer would Africans accept the negative label of ‘non-white’, they refused to be regarded as non-persons but demanded to be called positively as black. This definition of ‘black’ was not race or class exclusive rather it sought to incorporate all people who were discriminated against and denied access to white privileges under the oppressive apartheid regime. The definition of blackness is actually somewhat complex, the path to understanding it leads to certain directions. First off, that being black was a mental attitude, not just a matter of skin pigmentation. Secondly, by merely acknowledging that one is black already sets oneself along the road of emancipation. Another strong belief of the African Psychologists, of the was his rejection of Euro-American methods of measuring the intelligence and behavior of Black People. Psychologists believe that blacks needed to be self-reliant. They needed to do things for themselves, by themselves, instead of relying on the Euro-American or Western psychologists as the standards or absolutes. African Psychology :: essays research papers Black Consciousness has been defined as an attitude of the mind and a way of life. Therefore, the purpose of teaching Black Consciousness was to conquer feelings of black inferiority and replace it with a new solid social identity which encouraged black pride and independence from white oppression. Africans should reject the myths from which Apartheid was conceived, where blacks were depicted as inferior, savage, simple and having a primitive culture which needed to be modernized. Rather blacks should believe in their true identity of being survivors with the utmost human dignity. Black people needed to become aware of their collective power both economically and politically. People of African descent must create their own value system, where they were self-defined not defined by white superiors. Therefore Black Consciousness’ main belief was, that racial domination had become internalized, thus causing low self-esteem, which in turn allowed room for political disunity and encouraged a dependence on white leadership. The philosophy of Black Consciousness was to break this set of attitudes and form a new belief in black self-reliance and dignity. It was only when this was achieved could black the man truly be liberated both physically and mentally. The Black Consciousness philosophy was an agenda for ideological realignment and political revitalization, which could rebuild and recondition the mind of the oppressed. This ideology brought a new sophistication and insight into the analysis of African psychology. An important psychological shift advocated by the Black Conscious Movement was the redefinition of blackness. No longer would Africans accept the negative label of ‘non-white’, they refused to be regarded as non-persons but demanded to be called positively as black. This definition of ‘black’ was not race or class exclusive rather it sought to incorporate all people who were discriminated against and denied access to white privileges under the oppressive apartheid regime. The definition of blackness is actually somewhat complex, the path to understanding it leads to certain directions. First off, that being black was a mental attitude, not just a matter of skin pigmentation. Secondly, by merely acknowledging that one is black already sets oneself along the road of emancipation. Another strong belief of the African Psychologists, of the was his rejection of Euro-American methods of measuring the intelligence and behavior of Black People. Psychologists believe that blacks needed to be self-reliant. They needed to do things for themselves, by themselves, instead of relying on the Euro-American or Western psychologists as the standards or absolutes.

Carrie Chapter Eighteen

‘I came to kill you, Momma. And you were waiting here to kill me. Momma, I †¦ it's not right, Momma. It's not †¦ ‘ ‘Let's pray,' Momma said softly. Her eyes fixed on Carrie's and there was a crazed, awful compassion in them. The fire light was brighter now, dancing on the walls Up dervishes. ‘For the last time, let us pray.' ‘Oh Momma help me!' Carrie cried out. She fell forward on her knees, head down, hands raised in supplication. Momma leaned forward, and the knife came down in a shining arc. Carrie, perhaps seeing out of the tail of her eye, jerked back, and instead of penetrating her back, the knife went into her shoulder to the hilt. Momma's feet tangled in the legs of her chair, and she collapsed in a sitting sprawl. They stared at each other in silent tableau. Blood began to ooze from around the handle of the knife and to splash on to the floor. Then Carrie said softly: ‘I'm going to give you a present, Momma.' Margaret tried to get up, staggered, and fell back on her hands and knees. ‘What are you doing?' she croaked hoarsely. ‘I'm picturing your heart, Momma,' Carrie said. ‘It's easier when you see things in your mind. Your heart is a big red muscle. Mine goes faster when I use my power. But your is going a little slower now. A little slower.' Margaret tried to get up again, failed, and forked the sign of the evil eye at her daughter. ‘A little slower, Momma. Do you know what the present is, Momma? What you always wanted. Darkness. And whatever God lives there.' Margaret White whispered: ‘Our father, Who art in heaven-‘ ‘Slower, Momma. Slower.' ‘-hallowed be Thy name-‘ ‘I can see the blood draining back into you. Slower.' ‘-Thy Kingdom come-‘ ‘Your feet and hands like marble, like alabaster. White.' ‘-Thy will be done-‘ ‘My will, Momma. Slower!' ‘-on earth-‘ ‘Slower.' ‘-as †¦ as †¦ as it†¦' She collapsed forward, hands twitching. ‘-as it is in heaven.' Carrie whispered: ‘Full stop.' She looked down at herself, and put her hands weakly around the haft of the knife. (no o no that hurts that's too much hurt) She tried to get up, failed, then pulled herself up by Momma's stool. Dizziness and nausea washed over her. She could taste blood, bright and slick, on the back of her throat. Smoke, acrid and choking, was drifting in through the windows now. The flames had reached next door; even now sparks would be lighting softly on the roof that rocks had punched brutally through a thousand years before. Carrie went out the back door, staggered across the lawn, and rested (where's my momma) against a tree. There was something she was supposed to do. Something about (roadhouses parking lots) the Angel with the Sword. The Fiery Sword. Never mind. It would come to her. She crossed by back yards to Willow Street and then crawled up the embankment to Route 6. It was 1: 15 A.M. It was 11:20 P.M. when Christine Hargensen and Billy Nolan got back to The Cavalier. They went up the back stairs, down the hall, and before she could do more than turn on the lights, he was yanking at her blouse. ‘For God's sake let me unbutton it-‘ ‘To hell with that.' He ripped it suddenly down the back. The cloth tore with a sudden hard sound. One button popped free and winked on the bare wood floor. Honky-tonkin' music came faintly up to them, and the building vibrated subtly with the clumsy-enthusiastic dancing of farmers and truckers and millworkers and waitresses and hairdressers, of the greasers and their townie girl friends from Westover and Motton. ‘Hey-‘ ‘Be quiet.' He slapped her, rocking her head back. Her eyes took on a flat and deadly shine. ‘This is the end, Billy.' She backed away from him, breasts swelling into her bra, flat stomach pumping, legs long and tapering in her jeans; but she backed toward the bed. ‘It's over.' ‘Sure,' he said. He lunged for her and she punched him, a surprising hard punch that landed on his cheek. He straightened and twitched his head a little. ‘You gave me a shiner, you bitch.' ‘I'll give you more.' ‘You're goddam right you will.' They stared at each other, panting, glaring. Then he began to unbutton his shirt, a little grin beginning on his face. ‘We got it on, Charlie. We really got it on.' He called her Charlie whenever he was pleased with her. It seemed to be, she thought with a cold blink of humour, a generic term for good cunt. She felt a little smile come to her own face, relaxed a little, and that was when he whipped his shirt across her face and came in low, butting her in the stomach like a goat, tipping her on to the bed. The springs screamed. She pounded her fists helplessly on his back. ‘Get off me! Get off me! Get off me! You fucking greaseball, get off me!' He was grinning at her, and with one quick, hard yank her zipper was broken, her hips free. ‘Call your daddy?' he was grunting. ‘That what you gonna do? Huh? Huh? That it, ole Chuckie? Call big ole legal beagle daddy? Huh? I woulda done it to you, you know that? I woulda dumped it all over your fuckin squash. You know it? Huh? Know it? Pig blood for pigs, right? Right on your motherfucking squash. You-‘ She had suddenly ceased to resist. He paused, staring down at her, and she had an odd smile on her face. ‘You wanted it this way all along, didn't you? You miserable little scumbag. That's right, isn't it? You creepy little onenut low-cock dinkless wonder.' His grin was slow, crazed. ‘It doesn't matter.' ‘No,' she said. ‘It doesn't.' Her smile suddenly vanished, the cords on her neck stood out as she hawked back – and spat in his face. They descended into a red, thrashing unconsciousness. Downstairs the music thumped and wheezed (‘I'm poppin little white pills an my eyes are open wide/Six days on the road and I'm gonna make it home tonight!'), c/w, full throttle, very loud, very bad, five-man band wearing sequined cowboy shirts and new pegged jeans with bright rivets, occasionally wiping mixed sweat and Vitalis from their brows, lead guitar, rhythm, steel, dobro guitar, drums; no one heard the town whistle, or the first explosion, or the second; and when the gas main blew and the music stopped and someone drove into the parking lot and began to yell the news, Chris and Billy were asleep. Chris woke suddenly and the clock on the night table said five minutes of one. Someone was pounding on the door. ‘Billy!' the voice was yelling. ‘Get up! Hey! Hey!' Billy stirred, rolled over, and knocked the cheap alarm clock on to the floor. ‘What the Christ?' he said thickly, and sat up. His back stung. The bitch had covered it with long scratches. He'd barely noticed it at the time, but now decided he was going to have to send her home bowlegged. Just to show her who was boss.. Silence struck him. Silence. The Cavalier did not close until two; as a matter of fact, he could still see the neon twinkling and flicking through the dusty garret window. Except for the steady pounding (something happened) the place was a graveyard. ‘Billy, you in there? Hey!' ‘Who is it?' Chris whispered. Her eyes were glittering and watchful in the intermittent neon. ‘Jackie Talbot,' he said absently, then raised his voice. ‘What?' ‘Lemme in, Billy. I got to talk to you!' Billy got up and padded to the door, naked. He unlocked the old-fashioned hook-and-eye and opened it. Jackie Talbot burst in. His eyes were wild and his face was smeared with soot. He had been drinking it up with Steve and Henry when the news came at ten minutes of twelve. They had gone back to town in Henry's elderly Dodge convertible, and had seen the Jackson Avenue gas main explode from the vantage point of Brickyard Hill. When Jackie had borrowed the Dodge and started to drive back at 12:30, the town was a panicky shambles. ‘Chamberlain's burning up,' he said to Billy. ‘Whole fuckin town. The school's gone. The Centre's gone. West End blew up – gas. And Carlin Street's on fire. And they're saying Carrie White did it!' ‘Oh God,' Chris said. She started to get out of bed and grope for her clothes. ‘What did-‘ ‘Shut up,' Billy said mildly, ‘or I'll kick your ass.' He looked at Jackie again and nodded for him to go on. ‘They seen her. Lots of people seen her. Billy, they say she's all covered with blood. She was at that fuckin prom tonight†¦ Steve and Henry didn't get it but †¦ Billy, did you †¦ that pig blood †¦ was it-‘ ‘Yeah,' Billy said. ‘Oh, no.' Jackie stumbled back against the doorframe. His face was a sickly yellow in the light of the one hall lightbulb. ‘Oh Jesus, Billy, the whole town-.' ‘Carrie trashed the whole town? Carrie White? You're full of shit.' He said it calmly, almost serenely. Behind him, Chris was dressing rapidly. ‘Go and look out the window,' Jackie said. Billy went over and looked out. The entire eastern horizon had gone crimson, and the sky was alight with it. Even as he looked, three fire trucks screamed by. He could make out the names on them in the glow of the street light that marked The Cavalier's parking lot. ‘Son of a whore,' he said. ‘Those trucks are from Brunswick.' ‘Brunswick?' Chris said. ‘That's forty miles away. That can't be . . .' Billy turned back to Jackie Talbot. ‘All right. What happened?' Jackie shook his head. ‘Nobody knows, not yet. It started at the high school. Carrie and Tommy Ross got the King and Queen, and then somebody dumped a couple of buckets of blood on them and she ran out. Then the school caught on fire, and they say nobody got out. Then Teddy's Amoco blew up, then that Mobil station on Summer Street-!' ‘Citgo.' Billy corrected. ‘It's a Citgo.' ‘Who the fuck cares?' Jackie screamed. ‘It was her, every place something happened it was her! And those buckets †¦ none of us wore gloves†¦' ‘I'll take care of it,' Billy said. ‘You don't get it, Billy. Carrie ‘Get out.' ‘Billy-‘ ‘Get out or I'll break your arm and feed it to you.' Jackie backed out of the door warily. ‘Go home. Don't talk to nobody. I'm going to take care of everything.' ‘All right,' Jackie said. ‘Okay. Billy, I just thought-‘ Billy slammed the door. Chris was on him in a second. ‘Billy what are we going to do that bitch Carrie oh my Lord what are we going to-‘ Billy slapped her, getting his whole arm into it, and knocked her on to the floor. Chris sat sprawled in stunned silence for a moment, and then held her face and began to sob. Billy put on his pants, his tee shirt, his boots. Then he went to the chipped porcelain washstand in the corner, clicked on the light, wet his head, and began to comb his hair, bending down to see his reflection in the spotted, ancient mirror. Behind him, wavy and distorted, Chris Hargensen sat on the floor, wiping blood from her split lip. ‘I'll tell you what we're going to do,' he said. ‘We're going into town and watch the fires. Then we're coming home. You're going to tell your dear old daddy that we were out to The Cavalier drinking beers when it happened. I'm gonna tell my dear ole mummy the same thing. Dig.' ‘Billy, your fingerprints,' she said. Her voice was muffled, but respectful. ‘Their fingerprints,' he said. ‘I wore gloves.' ‘Would they tell?' she asked. ‘If the police took them in and questioned them-‘ ‘Sure,' he said. ‘They'd tell.' The loops and swirls were almost right. They glistened in the light of the dun, flyspecked globe like eddies on deep water. His face was calm, reposeful. The comb he used was a battered old Ace, clotted with grease. His father had given it to him on -his eleventh birthday, and not one tooth was broken in it. Not one. ‘Maybe they'll never find the buckets,' he said. ‘If they do, maybe the fingerprints will all be burnt of. I don't know. But if Doyle takes any of 'em in, I'm heading for California. You do what you want.' ‘Would you take me with you?' she asked. She looked at him from the floor, her lip puffed to negroid size, her eyes pleading.

Pakistan Electricity: Solutions and Ongoing Projects

Written by: Afreen Baig http://economicpakistan. wordpress. com/2008/01/05/electricity/ â€Å"History† After the construction of the Hydro-Electric Tarbela Dam and the Mangla Dam, by General Ayub Khan and General Yahya Khan in the 1960’s, our governments failed to conceive and initiate major electricity projects. The inept governments of PML-N and PPP, that still consider themselves vital to democratic dialogue within the provinces, failed to create dialogue within provinces, on the most important issue facing Pakistan’s energy survival – the Kalabagh Dam. Their governments failed to plan for the future growth and energy requirements. Recently the government of PPP has scraped the project altogether. â€Å"Unexpected Economic Boom & Energy Consumption in the last 10 years† Pakistan’s $75 billion economy boomed into a $160 billion economy, with the consumption of gas, electricity and coal increasing YEARLY to an average rate of 7. 8 percent, 5. 1 percent and 8. 8 percent, respectively. The number of electricity consumers grew from 15. 9 million in 2005-06 to 16. 7 million in 2007, showing a growth of about 70 percent over the last 10 years. The major Energy consumption sectors of the country are: Industrial (38. percent), Transport (32. 8 percent), Residential and Commercial (25 percent), Agriculture (2. 5 percent) and others (2. 2 percent). As regards Electricity, the Household sector has been the largest consumer over the last 10 years, on average consuming 44. 8 percent, followed by Industrial sector (29. 4 percent), Agriculture (12. 2 percent), Commercial sector (5. 9 percent), Street lights (10. 6 percent), the officials say. â€Å"Record Sales of Electronic Items† Recently, we got good news from Pakistan Haier. In May, Pakistan Haier made new RECORD air-conditioner, refrigerator monthly output. The sale volume reached all time high, the year-on-year sale increase of Air-conditioner, Refrigerator, Washing machine, Micro wave and TV are 136%, 58%, 180%, 210% and 106% respectively. Similarly, many other Electronic Companies have created record sales. â€Å"Projects executed and under Construction† The first unit of 290-megawatt of Ghazi Brotha Hydel Project (GBHP) went into operation in June 2003, and contributed around 50mw of electricity to the national grid. Four more units were added every quarter, and by 2004 the GBHP was contributing 1,450 mw. Nuclear power plant Chashma-2, will soon come on-line, and will add another 300MW to the national grid. Mangla Dam uprising will give another 644 GWh of power. Gomal Zam Dam is under final stage of construction, and upon completion it will produce 17. 4MW In 1999, our installed capacity was merely 15,860 MW. (With Hydel 4826 + Thermal 10,897 + Nuclear 137) In 2005-06, our installed capacity increased to become 20,495 MW. (With Hydel 6499 + Thermal 13,534 + Nuclear 462) â€Å"Concrete steps under the PML-Q Government† President Pervez Musharraf launched the Rs 130 billion (US 2. 6 billion) Neelum-Jhelum Hydroelectric project aimed at producing 969 MW power. Work on 11 projects with an accumulative power generation capacity of more than 12,000MW would start by 2009. These projects include Bunji (5,400MW), Dasu (4,000MW), Kohala (1,100MW), Spatgah and Palas Valley (1,230MW). Wind and Solar Technology: Pakistan is seeking to explore alternative sources of energy production and use Wind and solar technologies with the aim to produce 9,700 MW wind power by 2030, thereby providing electricity to 7,874 off-grid villages in Sindh and Baluchistan. 25 wind water pumping systems have been installed in Balochistan. Over 140 micro wind turbines of 500 Watts each are operational in Sindh and Balochistan, providing electricity to 691 houses in 18 remote, off-grid villages. Hydel Power: The government is giving top priority to Hydel power with the potential of producing 40,000 MW Power of which only 15 percent had been exploited so far. In 2001, the Water and Power Development Authority of Pakistan identified 22 sites for launching Hydropower projects to meet the ever-increasing demand for cheap power. It indicated that about 15,074 mw could be generated on the completion of these projects, which would also meet the water irrigation requirements for the growing agriculture sector. Pakistan Sugar Mills: Association (PSMA) has informed the government that sugar mills can produce 2,000MW of electricity in the next five years. Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission: (PAEC) has decided to establish an Engineering Design Organization (EDO) for the indigenous development of nuclear power plants (NPPs) in the country. The PAEC informed authorities that it was planning to add about 1,260MW through Hydel power, 880MW from Alternate energy, 4,860MW from Gas, 900MW from Coal and 160MW from Oil by 2010. The Karachi Electric Supply Corporation (KESC) is investing in a new 220-megawatt power plant that will help control the power shortages in the city, said. The plant will start generating 192MW by March and the remaining 28MW will start being distributed by December 2008. Thar Coal: The government has decided to develop the Thar coal for power generation on a priority basis to overcome energy crisis following. Out of six various companies that inked MoU with concern authorities to establish coal power projects; two companies have started drilling work in their respective areas. Confirmed estimates that its reserves were equivalent to at least 850 Trillion Cubic Feet (TCF) of gas – about 30 times higher than Pakistan’s proven gas reserves of 28 TCF. By using only 2% of the existing coal reserves, we can generate around 20,000 MW (20 GW) for almost 40 years These estimates were confirmed by separate bankable feasibility studies conducted by Chinese and Russian experts. 85 Billion Tons of coal deposits in Pakistan were second only to 247 Billion Ton reserves in the United States and much higher than 157 and 115 Billion Ton reserves of Russia and China, respectively. Thar coal reserves were equivalent to at least 400 Billion Barrels of oil – equivalent to oil reserves of Saudi Arabia and Iran put together. One estimate puts Pakistan’s coal energy at 576 Billion Barr els of oil which is equivalent to the combined oil reserves of the 3 largest producers. The government is planning to set up 5,000-megawatt power generation facilities using coal as fuel within next few years. â€Å"Ongoing Power Projects† The Ongoing Power Projects for which allocations have been made in 2007-08 Budget, are Mangla Dam Raising Project (Rs 20 billion), Mirani Dam (Rs 500 million), Sabakzai Dam (Rs 200 million), Kurram Tangi Dam (Rs 2. 84 billion), Sadpara Multipurpose Dam Rs (900 million), Gomal Zam Dam (Rs 1. 8 billion), the Greater Thal Canal Phase I (Rs 8. 5 billion), the Greater Thal Canal Phase II (Rs 2. billion), construction of 20 small dams in NWFP (Rs 870 million), Bhasha/ Diamer Dam (Rs 500 million), Khan-Khawar hydro project (Rs 1. 3 billion), Dubir Khawar hydro project (Rs 2. 1 billion), transmission arrangements for power dispersal of Ghazi Barotha (Rs 1. 67 billion) and Neelam-Jhelum hydro project (Rs 10 billion). New projects for the next fiscal year include the Sukkur Barrage Rehabilitation and Improvement project (Rs 100 million), Akhori Dam PC I (Rs 200 million), construction of Jaban Hydroelectric Power Station and Jaban Hydroelectric Power Station (Rs 40 million). Upcoming Immediate Projects† Three rental power houses would start generating 1,067 megawatts of electricity by end of year 2008, respectively. Agreements had been signed with China to establish power plants at Nandipur and Chichu ki Malian, and tenders had been issued for two 500MW power plants at Dadu and Faisalabad which would be run by gas and furnace oil. An 800MW power plant would be set up at Guddu. (c) ECONOMIC PAKISTAN and PRESIDENT MUSHARRAF http://economicpakistan. wordpress. com/2008/01/05/electricity/ http://presidentmusharraf. wordpress. com/

Equal Opportunity in Early Childhood Essay

Children should be treated and respected as individuals in their own rights. Like any individual, children have rights to shelter, food and education. They too should be treated fairly and equally. Many a times, we have failed to recognise these needs and as adults, we think we know best for the child. If we are able to recognise these rights, it will greatly assist in a child’s development both emotionally and spiritually. According to Bruce and Meggit (2002), â€Å"equality of opportunity means opening up access for every child and family to full participation in early childhood services. There can be no quality in early childhood services unless there is equality of opportunity†. Children should not be denied of their rights based on their race, nationality, gender or abilities, boys and girls should not be treated differently. Also, equal opportunities can be defined in general as not discriminating a person by his or her race, gender, family orientation or whether they belonged to the minority in the society. I truly agree with this statement and advocates for equal opportunity to be practiced in every way. It is now the 21st century but can we safely say that children in this world are treated equally? Some parents tend to treat their children differently if they are a boy, especially in the Eastern culture; succession is through boys instead of girls. Several parents have stereotyped the colours that their children should wear, boys should be in blue and gals should be in pink. Stereotyping basically means unduly fixed mental impression (Oxford, p. 546). Society too, plays a role in influencing the parents when it comes to bringing up their children in this part of the world and to a certain extent the children’s interest will be sacrificed. Children are expected to excel academically and those who do not will be branded as slow and they will be frowned upon by the society due to the competitive environment. Parents are ? pressured’ to have an academically sound child and as a result, children will feel ? inferior’ if they are unable to excel academically and this would hinder their fitting into the society in the future. In order to uphold the rights of the children in the world, UNICEF introduced the â€Å"Convention on the Rights of the Child† which was adopted by Unite Nations General Assembly on the 20th November 1989. (http://www. unicef. org/malaysia/UNICEF_FS_-_Understanding_the_ CRC. pdf). There are four principles that the Convention rests on and they are; non discrimination, best interests of the child, the child’s right to life, survival and development and respect for the views of the child . (http://www. unicef. org/malaysia/UNICEF_FS_-_Understanding_the_ CRC. pdf ). The main idea of having this convention is to recognize that children should be treated fairly as human beings and they should be brought up in a safe and conducive environment in order for them to realize their full potential in life. Malaysia signed the convention in March 1995 and being a multi cultural country that also advocates for human rights has made many changes to its legislation to adopt the convention especially in the area of education and healthcare. However, a question that many Malaysians will ask today; are the changes sufficient to provide the children in Malaysia equal rights? Here, let us look into the two major areas to analyse the impact of the convention on Malaysia’s legislation concerning children. According to article 28 of the CRC, â€Å"The child has a right to education, ? † (CRC, p. 19). Malaysia however has reservation on seven articles and article 28 is amongst them. The preschool education is Malaysia is under the responsibility of a few government departments and social agencies such as the Ministry of Health, Ministry of National Unity and Social Development, Ministry of Rural Development and also several states departments (http://porta;. unesco. org/education/en/ev. php-URL_ID=46167&URL _DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201. html) Under the Child Care Centre Act 1985, there are 2 categories of childcare centre, one being a home based childcare centre which takes in less than 10 children. The other being an institution based centre which caters for 10 or more children (The Star, 24th March, 1996). The curriculum guidelines of pre-schools are guided by the Ministry of Education and it has to provide a holistic development of the child being in social skills, intellectual skills, physical skills and spiritual skills (www. unesco. org/wef/countryreports /malaysia/Rapport_1. html) which is in accordance to article 29 of the CRC (CRC, p. 21) Due to the increasing awareness of the importance of early childhood education and also the increase in women joining the workforce, many private childcare centres have sprung up especially in the urban areas. These centres are mostly run by the private sectors that cater to mostly working parents from the middle to high income families and they charge a fee for their services. For the poor or rural areas children, the pre school programs are run by the government agencies and to a certain extent Non Government Organizations (NGOs). (http://unescodoc. unesco. org/images/0012/001279/127984e. pdf). The next area that Malaysia made changes to embrace the principles in the Convention is the healthcare policy. Child mortality in Malaysia has decreased significantly due to the effective healthcare programs that the government has implemented since the First Malaysia Plan 1996 (http://www. unicef. org/malaysia/ /children_4162. html). The most widely available health care service in Malaysia is public hospitals and for the rural community, there are over 1600 community health clinics (http://www. childpolicyintl. org/countries/Malaysia. html). Generally, children in Malaysia are provided with very comprehensive health services from vaccination to clean water supply and also sanitation. The government has taken steps to promote health programs to children in the rural areas integrating the promotion of health in its rural development strategies and programs. This is in accordance to Article 24 of the CRC where it states â€Å"The child has the right to the highest standard of health and medical care attainable†. Although Malaysia has taken various measures to improve its education system to embrace the CRC, sad to say that there are still children in Malaysia who are deprived of the right to education. This is especially apparent in vulnerable groups like children from the indigenous populations and also children in the rural areas. The indigenous children in Sabah and Sarawak have very little access to education and the curriculum in government schools do not cater to them culturally. Also, Malaysia has lifted its reservation on Article 22 which guarantees the child’s rights seeking refugees’ status in 1995 but until today, there have not been changes when it comes to undocumented children (New Sunday Times, June 25th 2006). Undocumented children basically mean children who are born in Malaysia to migrant parents. Children in this category are deprived of education due to fact that they are not even recognized as Malaysian citizen. Although children in Malaysia are rather well taken care of in terms of healthcare services, there are still children who do not have access to their basic needs like healthcare. These are children born to poor parents, sex workers, alcoholics and sex workers. (New Straits Times, p. 19). Also, with the increase in HIV/AIDS cases in Malaysia and many children and women from the rural areas are still complacent of this disease. A child’s formative years are extremely important as it will affect their growth in the later years. If Malaysia sees the significance of its younger generation, the government should seriously look into its commitment to uphold the Convention guidelines Firstly, awareness amongst the community is extremely important if Malaysia seeks to promote equal opportunity in the early childcare settings. Government should take steps to promote awareness amongst the people in order to change their attitudes towards children and this can be done by including the CRC as part of the school curriculum (The Star, p. N47). Secondly, early childhood education should be made compulsory to all children in urban or rural areas and available to all children in regardless of their background as every child has the right to education. Curriculum for children below the age of four should also address the current issues like AID/HIV and sex education. Materials and books used in the early childhood education should contain pictures of the different ethnic group in Malaysia. Activities organized by the childcare centre should be diversified as this would promote respect of various cultures amongst the children. More importantly, the curriculum should be sensitive to children from various cultural backgrounds especially the indigenous group. After all, Malaysia takes pride in its diversity of culture. Teachers in the early childcare sector should be trained in gender studies and also human rights (http://www. europeanchildrensnetwork. org/resources/infoDetail. asp? ID =12592). As childcare practitioner, the attitude of the person is utmost important in making sure that children under their care is not being discriminated. They have to be fully aware of the child’s rights in order for the child to grow up in a positive environment as it is damaging for the child’ development. A child’s potential to learn and develop their full potential should not be limited by prejudice (http://ferl. qia. org. uk/content_files/resources/organisations/caderdale_ council/sharon_chapman/equalops/prejandisc. htm).

Where You Keep the Secret

secret. something that can not be known by everyone, except the people who create the secret. secrets can be for the good and in the same time it can have a negative effect that long in one's life. based on the articles, the secret can be done by anyone who wishes to not let certain people know. example of the often secret didembunyikadalam this article also clearly tell whether the examples of the most popular places for some individuals who want to conceal something and what is the impact on individuals keeping it secret. etween the place of choice to hide something is in the books, any part of the house, letters from old flames are one of the usual items That people hide and do not miss keep secret computer use, by storing all files in the folder suites locked. in addition, the effect if concealing something will have an impact on a relationship. this is because the secret kept will not keep long, because sooner or later be discovered. important for every hubngan for secrecy are n ot mutually each other. f there is any weakness in the pair, it should be shared. according to Frank Warren, he stated that there is an edge if the spouse is concealing something it could create saspen elements while giving hope and be romantic partners. I agree with the ideas presented in the article. this is because each argument written about secrets definition, what is secret and concealed the impact if a relationship. in life is a lot to be withheld from a person unknown. it turns out to be good to ourselves or to someone who may be confidential or otherwise. es, I also strongly agree that sometimes the secret to be the cause of why a relationship falling apart. secret will lead to goodness if we know what our true intentions concealing something. I actually keep things in novels. for example money or old pictures. for my options proposed by the author shows that it is very creative. my suggestion, not all secrets can be kept at a place other than keep it in the heart. it's saf er than dismantled by certain parties.